![]() ![]() Vidal's 1973 paper marks the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature.ĭue to the cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. ![]() Research on BCIs began in the 1970s by Jacques Vidal at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) under a grant from the National Science Foundation, followed by a contract from DARPA. Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive ( EEG, MEG, EOG, MRI) and partially invasive ( ECoG and endovascular) to invasive ( microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions. A brain–computer interface ( BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface ( BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. ![]()
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